Hard and soft magic systems
The idea of hard magic and soft magic was popularized by Brandon Sanderson for world building and creating magic systems in fictional writing. It creates a sense of awe and deepens the fantastical setting.<ref name":4"/> The focus of these types of stories is not usually on the magic itself and the main character usually isn't a magic user.<ref name":0" /> The main conflict is not solved by magic; instead, it's solved by valuable lessons the main character learns throughout the course of the story. Often when magic is used to solve a problem, it will actually make the problem worse. In these types of stories, the reader is never certain of the dangers and wonders that the characters will encounter and the characters themselves never truly know what can and can't happen.<ref name=":5"/>
;Examples
Stories with soft magic systems include:
* The Lord of the Rings
* The Chronicles of Narnia
* The Wizard of Oz
* Alice in Wonderland
* The First Law
* Star Wars
In general, most traditional fairy tales (i.e. the Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Hansel and Gretel etc.) contain elements of soft magic.
Hard magic
A hard magic system has specific rules surrounding its use and can be used for creating interesting world building by affecting the culture, government or society at large within the fictional world. Clear costs and limitations are outlined for when magic is used and throughout the story, the reader eventually understands what they are and how they work.<ref name=":5" /> This allows the magic to feel much more realistic; in some stories the magic may even be considered a type of science within the world and on some occasions may not even be called magic, such as bending in Avatar: The Last Airbender. This allows the characters to use magic to solve problems in logical and believable ways. Hard magic needs predictability and consistency; when magic goes wrong, it's from the characters' lack of knowledge, misuse, or mistake when using magic, not because the magic is inherently unpredictable.<ref name":3" /> Hard magic is a useful writing tool and careful application can enhance the character, world building and story plot.<ref name":4" />
Hard magic does not have to follow the laws of science and there does not have to be an explanation as to why people are able to use magic in the first place. Hard magic is categorised by the reader's understanding of what the magic can do.<ref name=":0" />
;Examples
Stories with hard magic systems include:
* Mistborn
* The Dresden Files
* Fullmetal Alchemist
* Hunter x Hunter
* Kingkiller Chronicles
* Dragonlance Chronicles
Hybrid magic systems
Most magic systems in popular fantasy books fall somewhere between the spectrum of hard and soft magic.<ref name":0" /><ref name":5" />
;Examples
Stories with hybrid magic systems include:
* Harry Potter/Fantastic Beasts: Students learn rules around magic; however, there are many spells, abilities and aspects in the rest of the magical world that are left unexplained. Spells rarely draw from the strength of the caster so it focuses more on limitations rather than costs of using magic.
* Avatar: The Last Airbender/The Legend of Korra: The bending is a type of hard magic with specific rules and limitations. The world however has other less well defined types of magic, falling in the soft category, in particular the special powers of Avatars and energy bending
* The Wheel of Time series: Mostly technical magic and it is fairly clear to the reader what the magic is able to do; however, there are many loose ends that imply something unknown or new around the corner.
* A Song of Ice and Fire series: The magic learned by the point-of-view characters have specific rules and limitations, but magic by non-POV characters is less defined and mysterious.
*The Witcher series: Magic is explained to require power drawn from nature, and often requires a certain incantation or magical items in order for a spell to be used. However, the energy and ingredients required for magic are often inconsistent, and some magic that is shown to require a lot of energy and exertion in one scene may be effortless in another. Some usage of magic seems intentionally inconsistent to further the sense of wonder in the Continent's magic system.
Sanderson's laws of magic
Sanderson's three laws of magic are creative writing guidelines that can be used to create magic systems for fantasy stories.
# An author's ability to solve conflict with magic is directly proportional to how well the reader understands said magic.<ref name=":0" />
# Weaknesses, limits and costs are more important than powers.<ref name=":1" />
# The author should expand on what is already a part of the magic system before something entirely new is added, as this may otherwise entirely change how the magic systems fits into the fictional world.<ref name=":2" />
;Examples
Stories with soft magic systems include:
* The Lord of the Rings
* The Chronicles of Narnia
* The Wizard of Oz
* Alice in Wonderland
* The First Law
* Star Wars
In general, most traditional fairy tales (i.e. the Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Hansel and Gretel etc.) contain elements of soft magic.
Hard magic
A hard magic system has specific rules surrounding its use and can be used for creating interesting world building by affecting the culture, government or society at large within the fictional world. Clear costs and limitations are outlined for when magic is used and throughout the story, the reader eventually understands what they are and how they work.<ref name=":5" /> This allows the magic to feel much more realistic; in some stories the magic may even be considered a type of science within the world and on some occasions may not even be called magic, such as bending in Avatar: The Last Airbender. This allows the characters to use magic to solve problems in logical and believable ways. Hard magic needs predictability and consistency; when magic goes wrong, it's from the characters' lack of knowledge, misuse, or mistake when using magic, not because the magic is inherently unpredictable.<ref name":3" /> Hard magic is a useful writing tool and careful application can enhance the character, world building and story plot.<ref name":4" />
Hard magic does not have to follow the laws of science and there does not have to be an explanation as to why people are able to use magic in the first place. Hard magic is categorised by the reader's understanding of what the magic can do.<ref name=":0" />
;Examples
Stories with hard magic systems include:
* Mistborn
* The Dresden Files
* Fullmetal Alchemist
* Hunter x Hunter
* Kingkiller Chronicles
* Dragonlance Chronicles
Hybrid magic systems
Most magic systems in popular fantasy books fall somewhere between the spectrum of hard and soft magic.<ref name":0" /><ref name":5" />
;Examples
Stories with hybrid magic systems include:
* Harry Potter/Fantastic Beasts: Students learn rules around magic; however, there are many spells, abilities and aspects in the rest of the magical world that are left unexplained. Spells rarely draw from the strength of the caster so it focuses more on limitations rather than costs of using magic.
* Avatar: The Last Airbender/The Legend of Korra: The bending is a type of hard magic with specific rules and limitations. The world however has other less well defined types of magic, falling in the soft category, in particular the special powers of Avatars and energy bending
* The Wheel of Time series: Mostly technical magic and it is fairly clear to the reader what the magic is able to do; however, there are many loose ends that imply something unknown or new around the corner.
* A Song of Ice and Fire series: The magic learned by the point-of-view characters have specific rules and limitations, but magic by non-POV characters is less defined and mysterious.
*The Witcher series: Magic is explained to require power drawn from nature, and often requires a certain incantation or magical items in order for a spell to be used. However, the energy and ingredients required for magic are often inconsistent, and some magic that is shown to require a lot of energy and exertion in one scene may be effortless in another. Some usage of magic seems intentionally inconsistent to further the sense of wonder in the Continent's magic system.
Sanderson's laws of magic
Sanderson's three laws of magic are creative writing guidelines that can be used to create magic systems for fantasy stories.
# An author's ability to solve conflict with magic is directly proportional to how well the reader understands said magic.<ref name=":0" />
# Weaknesses, limits and costs are more important than powers.<ref name=":1" />
# The author should expand on what is already a part of the magic system before something entirely new is added, as this may otherwise entirely change how the magic systems fits into the fictional world.<ref name=":2" />
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